Category Archives: Health & Life

The Salutary Effects Of The Cereals


 
The salutary effects of the cereals

It is reported many times that he is who healthy wants to feed, let him give it a share in the grains with full extraction in a benefit prepared products in an eye from the refined stock been made. This not merely trendy nutritional council! Several research results stand for a provision, which ones it is showed that really healthier the average the grains with full extraction faithful. The wheat bread with full extraction, the porridge, his pearl barley, full wheat, brown rice, oat prepared from stocks foods tastier , and moreover even healthier. In the cereals not hulled vitamins like that, mineral substances like that, oils, enzymes can be found, which ones they get lost in the course of the refinement, the development of more illnesses which can be avoided with their daily consumption though. The results of researches indicate that the syndromes which are connected to the metabolism decrease by the consumption of the grain with full extraction. So, for example the tall blood pressure, the tall cholesterol level, the tall blood-sugar level, the obesity. These problems the cardiac diseases increase it though, the probability of the development of the stroke and the kidney diseases. The consumption of the grain with full grinding and the culinary bran reduces it the with a 2 type / that is the was not born with him/ the danger of the development of diabetes. Child for women preparing for a pledge especially recommended, that was not made of the refined grain products let it be elected!
The grains with full extraction contain folic acid, for which the one before the pregnancy and his consumption under the early pregnancy reduce the risk of the serious embryonic abnormalities, naturally.

Posted 05 December 2007 † botond § Healthy Foods ‡ Comments (1) °

Curative Cereals


 
CURATIVE CEREALS

BARLEY:
B1,- B2,- B5, -B6— vitamin, protein, fat, starch, integral salt, fibre, implies a vitamin. One hulled simply useful. His consumption reduces the cholesterol level of the blood, helps the took shape in the curing of cutaneous diseases, in the conservation of the soundness of the teeth.
His energy content: 357 kcal/in 100 grams

WHEAT

B1-,- B2-,B5-,B6-, E- vitamin, beta carotin, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, protein, starch, fat, fibre, integral salt, contains phosphorus.
The wheatgerm, the regular consumption of wheat bran reduces the tiredness sensation, the stomach and intestine complaints, the tall blood pressure, it repairs it orrnyálkahártya function, it may bring it to an end night lábgöcsöket. The content of energy: 347kcal / in 100 grams

CORN

Food with a pleasant flavour, tall the calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, fibre, protein, carbohydrate, starch, oil, the content of fat and a vitamin. A-, B5-,B6-, and E- vitamin, contains integral salt. Considerable his nutritive value, much supply energy beside his excellent flavour substances. 100 g, 3-4 g of protein, 20 g of carbohydrate, 8-12 g C-vitamin contains a carotin besides. A tall elemental fibre encourages the intestinal activity because of his content. He helps with the prevention of the >

 
caries. The consumption of the popcorn savlekötő effect.
The content of energy: 476 kcal / in 100 grams.

Six thousand corn is cultivated on the Earth eating. The Mexican Indian ones took their favourite delicacy with themselves into their grave yet. The corn arrived from America onto our continent, than you are the potato the tomato, and spread just as slowly in our homeland. Columbusz sent from his first road from the seed already and in the Spanish gardens on increasingly more place can be found was, homeless person the plant was dubbed grain. The corn warmth liking plant, the fejlkődéséhez* the optimal temperature 22 Cfok. He endures the frost difficult. He claims much light and a nutrient. Our arid climate makes his watering necessary one.

RICE

B- vitamin, calcium, iron, protein, starch, fat, fibre, contains integral salt. The brown rice complains about his husking onto existence it known bright, white rice. Onto the curing of cutaneous diseases, hair loss, onto the treatment of bran the consumption of the rice bran advisable, but hair packing is prepared from him.
The content of energy: 345 kcal.

Posted 05 December 2007 † botond § Healthy Foods ‡ Comments (0) °

Which E Number Is Dangerous Which E-Number Is Not Dangerous, What Kind Of Illness Can Cause The E-Numbers(Part 1.)

Lot of E – Numbers can cause different kind of effects in the human body. The following lists will contains the know information about this agents. The list is show you the E – Number, E – Number names, category of E – Number and the effect which is can cause for you (if it is known).

Read and use this information.

Best regards,
Lionel

E-Number Name Category Side
Effects

E100 Curcumin Colour Yellow and Orange
Safe

E101 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Colour Yellow and Orange
Safe

E102 Tartrazine Colour Yellow and Orange
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Asthmatics sometimes react badly. Take care if you are sensitive to Aspirin.

E104 Quinoline Yellow Colour Yellow and Orange
May increase hyperactivity in affected children.

E110 Sunset Yellow FCF / Orange Yellow S Colour - Yellow and Orange
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Take care if you are sensitive to Aspirin.

E120 Cochineal / Carminic Acid Colour Red Same as E104
Unknow effects

E122 Carmoisine / Azorubine Colour Red
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Asthmatics sometimes react badly. Take care if you are sensitive to Aspirin.

E123 Amaranth Colour Red
Very Dangerous. May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Take care if you are sensitive to Aspirin.

E124 Ponceau 4R/Cochineal Red A Colour Red
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Asthmatics sometimes react badly. Take care if you are sensitive to Aspirin.

E127 Erythrosine BS Colour Red Same as E104
Unknow effects

E131 Patent Blue V Colour Blue
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Asthmatics sometimes react badly. Take care if you are sensitive to Aspirin. Be cautious if you suffer from allergies or intolerances.

E132 Indigo Carmine/Idigotine Colour Blue Same as E131
Unknow effects

E140 Chlorophyll Colour Green
Safe

E141 Copper Complex of Chlorophyll Colour Green Suspicious
Unknow effects

E142 Green S/Acid Brilliant Green BS Colour Green
Cancer

E150 Caramel Colour Brown and Black Suspicious
Unknow effects

E151 Black PN/Brilliant Black BN Colour Brown and Black Same as E104

E153 Carbon Black/Vegetable Carbon (Charcoal) Colour Brown and Black
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Be cautious if you suffer from allergies or intolerances.

E160a Alpha, Beta, Gamma Carotene Colour Carotene derivative
Safe

E160b Annatto, Bixin, Norbixin Colour Carotene derivative
Unknow effects

E160c Capsanthin/Capsorbin Colour Carotene derivative
Unknow effects

E160d Lycopene Colour Carotene derivative
Unknow effects

E160e Beta-apo-8-carotenal Colour Carotene derivative
Unknow effects

E160f Ethyl ester of Beta-apo-8-cartonoic acid Colour Carotene derivative
Unknow effects

E161a Flavoxanthin Colour Plant
Safe

E161b Lutein Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E161c Cryptoxanthin Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E161d Rubixanthin Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E161e Violaxanthin Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E161f Rhodoxanthin Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E161g Canthaxanthin Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E162 Beetroot Red/Betanin Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E163 Anthocyanins Colour Plant
Unknow effects

E170 Calcium Carbonate (Chalk) Colour Inorganic
Safe

E171 Titanium Dioxide Colour Inorganic
Unknow effects

E172 Iron Oxides and Hydroxides Colour Inorganic
Unknow effects

E173 Aluminium Colour Inorganic
Unknow effects

E174 Silver Colour Inorganic
Unknow effects

E175 Gold Colour Inorganic
Safe

E180 Pigment Rubine/Lithol Rubine BK Colour Inorganic
Unknow effects

E200 Sorbic Acid Preservative Sorbic Acid and its salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset

E201 Soduim Sorbate Preservative Sorbic Acid and its salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset

E202 Potassium Sorbate Preservative Sorbic Acid and its salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset

E203 Calcium Sorbate Preservative Sorbic Acid and its salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset

E210 Benzoic Acid Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset - May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Asthmatics sometimes react badly. Be cautious if you suffer from allergies or intolerances.

E211 Sodium Benzoate Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E212 Potassium Benzoate Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E213 Calcium Benzoate Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E214 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E215 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium Salt Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E216 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E217 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium Salt Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E218 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E219 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium Salt Preservative Benzoic Acid and its salts Same as E210
Unknow effects

E220 Sulphur Dioxide Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts
Headaches -Intestine Upset - Skin Disorders - Skin Disoders - Destroys Vitamin B12

E221 Sodium Sulphite Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts Same as E221
Unknow effects

E222 Sodium Hydrogen Sulphite Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts Same as E221
Unknow effects

E223 Sodium Metabisulphite Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts Same as E221
Unknow effects

E224 Potassium Metabisulphite Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts Same as E221
Unknow effects

E226 Calcium Sulphite Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts Same as E221
Unknow effects

E227 Calcium Hydrogen Sulphite Preservative Sulphur Dioxide and its salts Same as E221
Unknow effects

E230 Biphenyl/Diphenyl Preservative Biphenyl and its derivatives
Headaches -Intestine Upset - Skin Disorders

E231 2-Hydroxybiphenyl Preservative Biphenyl and its derivatives Same as E230
Unknow effects

E232 Sodium Biphenyl-2-yl Oxide Preservative Biphenyl and its derivatives Same as E230
Unknow effects

E233 2-(Thiazol-4-yl) Benzimidazole Preservative other Same as E230
Unknow effects

E239 Hexamine Preservative other Same as E230
Unknow effects

E249 Potassium Nitrate Preservative Pickling Salts Same as E230
Unknow effects

E250 Sodium Nitrite Preservative Pickling Salts Same as E230
Unknow effects

E251 Sodium Nitrate Preservative Pickling Salts Same as E230
Unknow effects

E252 Potassium Nitrate(Saltpetre) Preservative Pickling Salts Same as E230
Unknow effects

E260 Acetic Acid Miscellaneous Acids and their Salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset - Skin Disorders

E261 Potassium Acetate Miscellaneous Acids and their Salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset - Skin Disorders

E262 Potassium Hydrogen Diacetate Miscellaneous Acids and their Salts
Headaches - Intestine Upset - Skin Disorders

E263 Calcium Acetate Miscellaneous Acids and their Salts
Unknow effects

E270 Lactic Acid Miscellaneous Acids and their Salts
Unknow effects

E280 Propionic Acid Preservative Acids and their Salts
Unknow effects

E281 Sodium Propionate Preservative Acids and their Salts
Unknow effects

E282 Calcium Propionate Preservative Acids and their Salts
Unknow effects

E283 Potassuim Propionate Preservative Acids and their Salts
Unknow effects

E290 Carbon Dioxide Miscellaneous Acids and their Salts
Intestine Upset

E300 L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Antioxidants Vitamin C and derivatives
Safe

E301 Sodium-L-Ascorbate Antioxidants Vitamin C and derivatives
Safe

E302 Calcium-L-Ascorbate Antioxidants Vitamin C and derivatives
Safe

E304 Ascorbyl Palmitate Antioxidants Vitamin C and derivatives
Safe

E306 Natural Extracts rich in Tocopherols Antioxidants Vitamin E
Safe

E307 Synthetic Alpha - Tocopherol Antioxidants Vitamin E
Safe

E308 Synthetic Gamma - Tocopherol Antioxidants Vitamin E
Safe

E309 Synthetic Delta-Tocopherol Antioxidants Vitamin E
Safe

E310 Propyl Gallate Antioxidants other
Unknow effects

E311 Octyl Gallate Antioxidants other
Unknow effects

E312 Dodecyl Gallate Antioxidants other
Unknow effects

E320 Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) Antioxidants other
May increase hyperactivity in affected children. Asthmatics sometimes react badly. Be cautious if you suffer from allergies or intolerances. May not be suitable for babies

E321 Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) Antioxidants other Same as E320
Unknow effects

E322 Lecithins Emulsifiers and Stabilisers
Unknow effects

E325 Sodium Lactate Miscellaneous - Salts of Lactic Acid
Unknow effects

E326 Potassium Lactate Miscellaneous - Salts of Lactic Acid
Unknow effects

E327 Calcium Lactate Miscellaneous - Salts of Lactic Acid
Unknow effects

E330 Citric Acid Miscellaneous - Citric Acid and its Salts
Intestine Upset

E331 Sodium Citrates Miscellaneous - Citric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E332 Potassium Citrates Miscellaneous - Citric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E333 Calcium Citrates Miscellaneous - Citric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E334 Tartaric Acid Miscellaneous - Tartaric Acid and its Salts
Intestine Upset

E335 Sodium Tartrate Miscellaneous - Tartaric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E336 Potassium Tartrate (Cream of Tartar) Miscellaneous - Tartaric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E337 Potassium Sodium Tartrate Miscellaneous - Tartaric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E338 Orthophosphoric Acid Miscellaneous - Phosphoric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E339 Sodium Phosphates Miscellaneous - Phosphoric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E340 Potassium Phosphates Miscellaneous - Phosphoric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E341 Calcium Phosphates Miscellaneous - Phosphoric Acid and its Salts
Unknow effects

E400 Alginic Acid Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Alginates
Unknow effects

E401 Sodium Alginate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Alginates
Safe

E402 Potassium Alginate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Alginates
Safe

E403 Ammonium Alginate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Alginates
Safe

E404 Calcium Alginate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Alginates
Unknow effects

E405 Propane-1,2-Diol Alginate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Alginates
Unknow effects

E406 Agar Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums
Safe

E407 Carrageenan Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums
Safe

E410 Locust Bean Gum (Carob Gum) Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums
Unknow effects

E412 Guar Gum Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums
Safe

E413 Tragacanth Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums Be cautious
if you suffer from allergies or intolerances

E414 Gum Acacia (Gum Arabic) Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums
Safe

E415 Xanthan Gum Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - other plant gums
Safe

E420 Sorbitol Sugar Alcohols
Unknow effects

E421 Mannitol Sugar Alcohols
Unknow effects

E422 Glycerol Sugar Alcohols
Unknow effects

E440a Pectin Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Pectin and derivatives
Unknow effects

E440b Amidated Pectin Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Pectin and derivatives
Unknow effects

E450a,b,c Sodium and Potassium Phosphates and Polyphosphates Miscellaneous
Unknow effects

E460 Microcrystalline/Powdered Cellulose Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Cellulose and derivatives
Unknow effects

E461 Methylcellulose Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Cellulose and derivatives
Unknow effects

E463 Hydroxypropylcellulose Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Cellulose and derivatives
Unknow effects

E464 Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Cellulose and derivatives
Unknow effects

E465 Ethylmethylcellulose Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Cellulose and derivatives
Unknow effects

E466 Carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium Salt Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - Cellulose and derivatives
Unknow effects

E470 Sodium, Potassium and Calcium Salts of Fatty Acids Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E471 Mono-and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E472 Various Esters of Mono-and Diglycerides of Fatty Acids Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Aids
Unknow effects

E473 Sucrose Esters of Fatty Acids Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E474 Sucroglycerides Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E475 Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty Acids Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E477 Propane-1,2-Diol Esters of Fatty Acids Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E481 Sodium Stearoyl-2-Lactylate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E482 Calcium Stearoyl-2-Lactylate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
Unknow effects

E483 Stearyl Tartrate Emulsifiers and Stabilisers - salts or Esters of Fatty Acids
unknow effects

Posted 29 October 2007 † botond § E NUMBERS ‡ Comments (2) °

The Nobel Peace Prize 2007

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2007

If you need more information you will find the source in: http://nobelprize.org/
gore
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace Prize for 2007 is to be shared, in two equal parts, between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.

Indications of changes in the earth’s future climate must be treated with the utmost seriousness, and with the precautionary principle uppermost in our minds. Extensive climate changes may alter and threaten the living conditions of much of mankind. They may induce large-scale migration and lead to greater competition for the earth’s resources. Such changes will place particularly heavy burdens on the world’s most vulnerable countries. There may be increased danger of violent conflicts and wars, within and between states.

Through the scientific reports it has issued over the past two decades, the IPCC has created an ever-broader informed consensus about the connection between human activities and global warming. Thousands of scientists and officials from over one hundred countries have collaborated to achieve greater certainty as to the scale of the warming. Whereas in the 1980s global warming seemed to be merely an interesting hypothesis, the 1990s produced firmer evidence in its support. In the last few years, the connections have become even clearer and the consequences still more apparent.

Al Gore has for a long time been one of the world’s leading environmentalist politicians. He became aware at an early stage of the climatic challenges the world is facing. His strong commitment, reflected in political activity, lectures, films and books, has strengthened the struggle against climate change. He is probably the single individual who has done most to create greater worldwide understanding of the measures that need to be adopted.

By awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 2007 to the IPCC and Al Gore, the Norwegian Nobel Committee is seeking to contribute to a sharper focus on the processes and decisions that appear to be necessary to protect the world’s future climate, and thereby to reduce the threat to the security of mankind. Action is necessary now, before climate change moves beyond man’s control.

Oslo, 12 October 2007

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Posted 12 October 2007 † botond § ‡ Comments (2) °

Specific Gene Modifications in Mice - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

strong>The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

If you need more information you will find the source in: http://nobelprize.org/

8 October 2007
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007 jointly to
Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies
for their discoveries of “principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells”

Summary
This year’s Nobel Laureates have made a series of ground-breaking discoveries about embryonic stem cells and DNA recombination in mammals. Their discoveries led to the creation of an immensely powerful technology referred to as gene targeting in mice. It is now being applied to virtually all areas of biomedicine – from basic research to the development of new therapies.

Gene targeting is often used to inactivate single genes. Such gene “knockout” experiments have elucidated the roles of numerous genes in embryonic development, adult physiology, aging and disease. To date, more than ten thousand mouse genes (approximately half of the genes in the mammalian genome) have been knocked out. Ongoing international efforts will make “knockout mice” for all genes available within the near future. With gene targeting it is now possible to produce almost any type of DNA modification in the mouse genome, allowing scientists to establish the roles of individual genes in health and disease. Gene targeting has already produced more than five hundred different mouse models of human disorders, including cardiovascular and neuro-degenerative diseases, diabetes and cancer.
Modification of genes by homologous recombination

Information about the development and function of our bodies throughout life is carried within the DNA. Our DNA is packaged in chromosomes, which occur in pairs – one inherited from the father and one from the mother. Exchange of DNA sequences within such chromosome pairs increases genetic variation in the population and occurs by a process called homologous recombination. This process is conserved throughout evolution and was demonstrated in bacteria more than 50 years ago by the 1958 Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg.

Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies both had the vision that homologous recombination could be used to specifically modify genes in mammalian cells and they worked consistently towards this goal.

Capecchi demonstrated that homologous recombination could take place between introduced DNA and the chromosomes in mammalian cells. He showed that defective genes could be repaired by homologous recombination with the incoming DNA. Smithies initially tried to repair mutated genes in human cells. He thought that certain inherited blood diseases could be treated by correcting the disease-causing mutations in bone marrow stem cells. In these attempts Smithies discovered that endogenous genes could be targeted irrespective of their activity. This suggested that all genes may be accessible to modification by homologous recombination.

Embryonic stem cells – vehicles to the mouse germ line

The cell types initially studied by Capecchi and Smithies could not be used to create gene-targeted animals. This required another type of cell, one which could give rise to germ cells. Only then could the DNA modifications be inherited.

Martin Evans had worked with mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, which although they came from tumors could give rise to almost any cell type. He had the vision to use EC cells as vehicles to introduce genetic material into the mouse germ line. His attempts were initially unsuccessful because EC cells carried abnormal chromosomes and could not therefore contribute to germ cell formation. Looking for alternatives Evans discovered that chromosomally normal cell cultures could be established directly from early mouse embryos. These cells are now referred to as embryonic stem (ES) cells.

The next step was to show that ES cells could contribute to the germ line (see Figure). Embryos from one mouse strain were injected with ES cells from another mouse strain. These mosaic embryos (i.e. composed of cells from both strains) were then carried to term by surrogate mothers. The mosaic offspring was subsequently mated, and the presence of ES cell-derived genes detected in the pups. These genes would now be inherited according to Mendel’s laws.

Evans now began to modify the ES cells genetically and for this purpose chose retroviruses, which integrate their genes into the chromosomes. He demonstrated transfer of such retroviral DNA from ES cells, through mosaic mice, into the mouse germ line. Evans had used the ES cells to generate mice that carried new genetic material.
Two ideas come together – homologous recombination in ES cells
By 1986 all the pieces were at hand to begin generating the first gene targeted ES cells. Capecchi and Smithies had demonstrated that genes could be targeted by homologous recombination in cultured cells, and Evans had contributed the necessary vehicle to the mouse germ line – the ES-cells. The next step was to combine the two.

For their initial experiments both Smithies and Capecchi chose a gene (hprt) that was easily identified. This gene is involved in a rare inherited human disease (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome). Capecchi refined the strategies for targeting genes and developed a new method (positive-negative selection, see Figure) that could be generally applied.

Birth of the knockout mouse – the beginning of a new era in genetics.
The first reports in which homologous recombination in ES cells was used to generate gene-targeted mice were published in 1989. Since then, the number of reported knockout mouse strains has risen exponentially. Gene targeting has developed into a highly versatile technology. It is now possible to introduce mutations that can be activated at specific time points, or in specific cells or organs, both during development and in the adult animal.

Gene targeting is used to study health and disease.
Almost every aspect of mammalian physiology can be studied by gene targeting. We have consequently witnessed an explosion of research activities applying the technology. Gene targeting has now been used by so many research groups and in so many contexts that it is impossible to make a brief summary of the results. Some of the later contributions of this year’s Nobel Laureates are presented below.

Gene targeting has helped us understand the roles of many hundreds of genes in mammalian fetal development. Capecchis research has uncovered the roles of genes involved in mammalian organ development and in the establishment of the body plan. His work has shed light on the causes of several human inborn malformations.

Evans applied gene targeting to develop mouse models for human diseases. He developed several models for the inherited human disease cystic fibrosis and has used these models to study disease mechanisms and to test the effects of gene therapy.

Smithies also used gene targeting to develop mouse models for inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis and the blood disease thalassemia. He has also developed numerous mouse models for common human diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.
In summary, gene targeting in mice has pervaded all fields of biomedicine. Its impact on the understanding of gene function and its benefits to mankind will continue to increase over many years to come.

Mario R. Capecchi, born 1937 in Italy, US citizen, PhD in Biophysics 1967, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics and Biology at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Sir Martin J. Evans, born 1941 in Great Britain, British citizen, PhD in Anatomy and Embryology 1969, University College, London, UK. Director of the School of Biosciences and Professor of Mammalian Genetics, Cardiff University, UK.

Oliver Smithies, born 1925 in Great Britain, US citizen, PhD in Biochemistry 1951, Oxford University, UK. Excellence Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

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Posted 08 October 2007 † botond § GMO ‡ Comments (1) °